Women Progress In The 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women Progress In The 20th Century - Essay Example China went through a nationwide reform in the 20th century. Plagued by the traditional pressures and cultural values, it was difficult for women to embrace freedom and modernity immediately. However, the internal rebellions, political changes, an introduction of new reformsetc., brought an end to the dynasty system. China strived to step up and gain its position in the international arena, for which they had to embrace the inevitable, modernity. Chinese scholars believed that in order for their survival in the modern world they had to form national citizenry which focused upon modernity and nationalism. Modernity suggested the acceptance of women as an important part of the process by acknowledging their significant contribution to the upholding of their cultures, traditions, and the economy. Women thus played a key role in shaping the modern China of today which is known for its strong societal and economic standing(Rudolph, n.d.). Marriage laws supported individual choice more than suppressed obligation to marry and the family structure changes highly. With women becoming more independent, the joint family system was replaced by a highly individualistic living culture with small families. The one child law gave women more time to do something other than child rearing and thus, many resorted to completing their education and seeking active careers. However, culture did play a significant role in the re-shaping of the one-child rule to a two-child one for the purpose of obtaining a son in a family(Hershatter, 2007).

Managing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing - Essay Example All these will be aimed at engaging with the organization in the closet manner possible so that the quality of data collected would be good enough to answer the question under study. To enhance authenticity of the entire process the process will be carried out in a number of days to avoid jeopardising the normal operations of the organization that would result in skewed information being collected that would not depict the real situation in the firm. Research ethics will be given priority through the entire process and in that light the study will be conducted with objectivity as I will try to avoid any form of bias in the experimental design that might tend to depict the firm in a negative manner. Data integrity will be highly observed as all the information sourced from the employees and the management will only be used for the purpose of the research and no other intention whatsoever. Confidentiality of classified data will also be maintained, and the information about the organization will not be published or exposed to third parties without prior consent of the management of Qvc Inc. Finally, the research will observe respect for intellectual property, and any scholarly article that will be utilized in the process will have to be acknowledged

The film Boorstin Essay Example for Free

The film Boorstin Essay Boorstin also says that, â€Å"Dissent is the great problem of America today.† That reminded me of the book that we read over the summer, The Lord of the Flies. Jack and Ralph show dissent by nearly killing each other, never finding a common ground on how to run the island, and they can never just talk to one another. There always has to be something that’s said through another character, and soon gets back to the other character. They’re arguing never got them anywhere, and that’s why that example is an example of dissent. Boorstin’s views on dissent and disagreement are very much true. Disagreement is where two different sides have two different opinions, and dissent is where sides have different opinions, but cant come to a conclusion what so ever. People should take what Daniel is saying into effect so they can learn from it. Boorstin also says that, â€Å"Dissent is the great problem of America today.† That reminded me of the book that we read over the summer, The Lord of the Flies. Jack and Ralph show dissent by nearly killing each other, never finding a common ground on how to run the island, and they can never just talk to one another. There always has to be something that’s said through another character, and soon gets back to the other character. They’re arguing never got them anywhere, and that’s why that example is an example of dissent. Boorstin’s views on dissent and disagreement are very much true. Disagreement is where two different sides have two different opinions, and dissent is where sides have different opinions, but cant come to a conclusion what so ever. People should take what Daniel is saying into effect so they can learn from it.

Screening of Refractive Errors Models

Screening of Refractive Errors Models Original Article Student Research Communiquà © TITLE: Comparison of two models for screening of Refractive errors in school going children of rural area in Vadodara, Gujarat Abstract:- Introduction Globally there is 18.2% of blindness due to the uncorrected refractory errors. Most of the children with uncorrected refractive error are asymptomatic and hence screening helps in early detection and timely interventions. Aim- To compare validity and reliability of refractory error screening by trained school teacher with trained medical students. Methods- Training was given to the teacher of the standard 5-8 regarding how to diagnose the refractory error among School children by using snellan’s chart. Result reports were collected from teachers. After two week investigator team visited the school and screen for refractory error in the same school children by using snellan’s chart. Results of these screening methods were analyzed and compared. Result- Kappa statistics: 0.4482 indicate the reliability and Sensitivity = 31.25%, Specificity = 96.40% indicate the validity of screening method 1 (screening by school teacher ) compare to method 2 (screening by medical students) Conclusion- screening by school teacher is not useful model for diagnoses of refractory error among school going children. INTRODUCTION:- In the visual impairment both Blindness Low vision included. Worldwide 285 million people are suffering from visual impairment, among these 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision. Globally, uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of visual impairment. 43% of visual impairment is due to refractory errors. 80% of all visual impairment can be avoided or cured.1 In India refractory error is the second most leading cause for all age group but it is the first among child age group for visual impairmnet.2 Refractive Error is defined as a state of refraction, when the parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused either in front of or behind the sensitive layer of retina, in one or both the meridians.3 It is also known as Ametropia. The Ametropia includes Myopia, Hypermetropia and astigmatism. Myopia or Short-sightedness in which parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest. Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness is the state of the eye wherein parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind the retina with accommodation being at rest so the posterior focal point is behind the retina which therefore receives a blurred image.3 The children aged 5 – 15 are school going students. Refractive error in such age group can harm their learning capicity. So Early diagnosis in schools for refractive error can be useful to stop the increasing number of such disability and qualitative education can be got by the school going students. A simple Eye test and glasses can restore sight to most of affected people. As for WHO, correction of Refractive error is a component of currant global initiative to reduce avoidable or treatable blindness, in Vision 2020 which is considered a current top priority and challenge for all the nations.4 Strategies to address eye health of children in India have focused on school eye health programme. School eye health screening is also part of the national blindness control programme.5 If, we trained the school teachers for identification of refractory errors among school children using vision chart than it will serve as alternative of tradition eye screening programme. Routinely eye screening was done annually but if, school teacher is trained in such procedure they can screen every student systematically using appropriate time and also do such screening twice in a year. So here this study was conducted to find alternative of refractory error screening by health profession. By this way the burden over existing health care system will reduce. Here we compare two screening model and check the validity and reliability of new model (Refractory eye screening by school teacher). METHODOLOGY Study Population:-School going children (Standard 5-8) Design of the study:- Screening study Study Area:- Rural area of Vadodara taluka Sampling:- Random sampling mthods Sample size:- 150 Inclusion criteria:- School going children of standard 5th to 8th Exclusion criteria:- Study participant suffering from refractory error and already diagnosed for refractory error. Participant does not want to participate in study. Methodology:- Before Study started, we obtained the permission from the ethical committee of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth. Then we obtained the list of rural schools in Vadodara taluka from DEO office, Vadodara. We selected randomly one school from the list by lottery method. Selected school was Government school, Amodar. After selecting the school, we also obtained the permission from school principal to conduct this study in their school. We discussed with teacher regarding the various aspects of study. All teachers agreed to volunteer participate in the study. We gave training to the teacher of the standard 5-8 regarding â€Å"how to diagnose the refractory error in School children by using snellan’s chart†. Training of Teacher- Those school teachers, who ready to voluntarily participate in this project, were trained for identification of refractory error by using snellan’s chart. First we gave some basic information about refractory error in understandable local language (Guajarati), then we demonstrated them how to diagnose refractory error by using snellan’s chart. Every teacher had to perform this procedure in front of us to insure that they understand the whole procedure. Those who had doubts and difficulties was discussed, and corrected so every teacher uses this procedure with same standard. We included all the students from class 5th to 8th of selected school in to study. Total 150 students participate volunteer. After obtaining informed consent from students and their parents, visual acuity was measured and recorded by teachers. On another convenient day same children were examined by Investigators (medical students) in absence of teacher using the identical protocol and same vision charts. To avoid bias we masked the teachers results (first screening result) during second screening . Statistical analysis Data collected in individual forms for every student were compiled in Microsoft Excel sheet. Validity and reliability of model 1 â€Å"refractory error screening by school teacher† is compared with model 2 â€Å"refractory error screening by medical students†. Sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value indicate validity and Kappa statistics indicate reliability. RESULTS Figure 1- Sex and Age wise distribution of study participant Figure 1 shows the sex and Standard (Class) wise distribution of the study participant. Table 1- Distribution according to Diagnosis by School teacher and medical students Kappa statistics: 0.4482 Sensitivity = 31.25% Specificity = 96.40% PPV = 50.00% NPV=92.41% Table 1 shows that screening result of two models, kappa statistics is an indicators of reliability. In our study kappa statistics is found 0.4482, it indicates poor reliability it indicate only 44.82% of result has similar results between two screening methods. In our study, validity is determined by sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity is very low 31.25% while specificity is 96.40%. it shows that Screening model 1 (screening by school teacher) identify only 31.25 % of students suffering from refractory error and missed 68.75% of students suffering from refractory. DISCUSSION Study shows the diagnostic ability of trained school teacher in diagnosis of refractory errors as compared to diagnosis of refractory errors by medical students by using same vision chart. A refractory error is the one of the common ocular morbidity among the school going children.6 School health programme is the only one opportunistic screening where refractory error can be diagnosed in Indian health system. Due to the lack of the health worker, every school student is not screened using standard methods.7 Here we tried to compare another model of refractory error screening (screening by school teacher). This is the cost effective model because training of teachers and vision chart is the only requirement for implementation of such health delivery model. If refractory errors is missed to identify than it will lead to considerable disability to the students so sensitivity must be high enough. But in our study the sensitivity is very poor (31.25%). In the study of Anand sudhan sensitivity was found very good and specificity was very low as opposite to our study result.8 CONCLUSION In our study, we compare the Model 1 (Screening by Teacher) with Model 2 (Screening by Medical student). Screening by teacher has poor sensitivity and reliability compare to screening by medical student. So the model 1 (Refractory error sceening by scholl teacher) is not useful health delivery model because it is unable to identify the student with refractory error by required sensitivity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thanks to the District education officer (Vadodara), Principal (Government school, Amodar) and teachers of Government school, Amodar, without their kind support this project is not possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/ dated on 09/03/2013 2. Park.K, Non Communicable disease, Textbook of preventive and Social medicine, 21th edition, Jabalpur (India), M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publisher, 2011:335-379. 3. A K Khurna, Refractory Error, Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 5th edition, New age international publisher, 2012, 28-32 4.http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S004296862001000300013script=sci_arttext dated on 04/09/2013 5. Limburg H, Kansara H. Result of school eye screening of 5.4 million children in India- a five year follows up study. Acta opthalmo scand: 1999; 77: 310-314 6. B.T.Prasanna Kamath, B.S.Guru Prasad, R.Deepthi, C.Muninrayana. Prevalence of ocular morbidity among school going children (6-15years) in rural area of Karnataka, South India. Int J Pharm Biomed Res: 2012, 3(4), 209-212. 7. GVS Murthy. Vision Testing for refractory errors in schools- â€Å"Screening Programmes in Schools† Community Eye Health: 13(33). 3-5 8. A sudhan, A pandey, suresh pandey, P shrivastav et al. Effectiveness of using teachers to screen eyes of school going children in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, India: Indian J Opthal: 2009; 55: 455-458. Comments: Colored texts are entirely copy pasted Answer: corrected The author has mentioned medical professionals at one place and medical student at another place. There is a scope for ambiguaty. In this type of study where comparision is made between layman and medical man, it would be nice to mention 1st year, 2nd year or degree holder doctor. It will increase the importance of parameters of comparison. Answer:- here we are not compare the laymen with the medical student. here we compare the teacher trained to diagnose refractory error with third year medical students ( already skilled to diagnose refractory error). Under national school health programme teacher has to screen the children for the refractory error. Here we check the validity of this method. Materials and Methods section should be written in paragraph format Answer: corrected The entire texts need a meticulous copy editing. Answer: corrected Reference no. 4 is not opening Answer :- It is not accessed now, but on it 04/09/2013 was accessible. The content may be removed by the website. Overall comment: Comparing the ability to perform a task which concern to medical expertise between a medical man and a layman need more justification. It shall be incorporated in the background and/or Introduction part of the manuscript. In other words, the author has failed to justify the â€Å"need of the study†. Answer: In the last paragraph of introduction it is already mentioned the need and purpose of the study added the some sentences Final comments: 14-08-2014 I believe that the manuscripts send to the reviewers are already checked for pliagarism. Therefore I am not scrutinizing whether the copy pasted portion shown during 1st review are taken care or not. I still believe that the research conducted is not worth publishing for the reason of deficiencies in Justifying the need of the study b. Material and method section (it even does not mention the total no of participants, instead has mentioned all students belonging to stad 5-8). C. Professional scientific writing.

Poor Personal Hygiene in The Fast Food Industry Essay -- cooking, emplo

Imagine suddenly feeling sick and facing life threatening sickness after eating at your favorite local fast food restaurant. At this point you are surprised because you believed in the restaurants promise of having food thats good and fit for you. An estimated annual amount of food related sickness in the U.S is 76 million cases. Many local fast food restaurants seem to be blind to the actions taken that can truly affect a customer's health. These health problems can be permanent or temporary affecting the lives of the people. Personal hygiene is a very severe concept that can have a negative or positive effect on how a food item is produced. Personal hygiene is the cleanliness of a person. It is basically keeping you hair, nail, feet and every other part of the body maintained and clean. When employees have poor hygiene they can cause great damage to the health of the customers who eat at the fast food restaurant. The fast food restaurant industries prefer cooking the food us ing methods that are quick and tasty. This usually does not mean healthy. Some cooking methods that they use are deep frying, pan frying, and stir frying. The fast food restaurants also do not provide some of the information of the ingredients they use because they know it would disgust the customers. These ingredients are believed to not be harmful in the eyes of the fast food restaurant industries, so they believe it makes no sense to inform the customers about them. The personal hygiene of the fast food restaurant’s employees, their methods of cooking, and the false information on exactly what ingredients they use for the food are the leading cause to health problems in our society. Poor Personal hygiene in the fast food industry is a leading c... ...at-fault>. University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. "Who’s to Blame for Obesity? Policy Makers, the Food Industry, or Individuals?" Http://www.sciencedaily.com/. ScienceDaily, 22 Jan. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. . Wash Your Hands Inc. "Consequences of Poor Hand Hygiene and the Importance of Handwashing." Http://www.wash-hands.com/. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. . Weil, Andrew. "3 Unhealthy Ways to Cook." Http://www.drweil.com/. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. . Wordpress.com. "Fast Food vs. Obesity." Wordpress.com. N.p., 07 Dec. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .

Citizen Kane :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Citizen Kane was narrated by more than one person. The story of Kane’s life unfolds in overlapping segments that add more information as each narrator adds their story. The entire story was told in flashbacks. Each narrator had different opinions of Kane, so the viewer gets to see Kane from many different perspectives. Because the narrators are telling their stories at an older age they are sometimes unreliable and often contradictory. Also, the stories are told out of sequence and sometimes overlap each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One technique used in Citizen Kane was deep focus. Deep focus is when everything is in the frame in focus at the same time, instead of having only people and things in focus. Deep focus allows the filmmaker to show overlapping actions. With deep focus there are not many close-up shots of facial expressions or other details. Another technique was the â€Å"wipe†, where one image is â€Å"wiped† off of the screen by another. Low- angled shots are also used throughout the film to show many different angles of the sets. Finally, a lighting technique that is used frequently during the movie is shadows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Citizen Kane’s main themes was the idea that childhood is lost. Throughout the entire film, Kane was seen trying to recapture his youth. It seemed as though he wanted to go back and do everything over. I think the one thing he wanted more than anything else was for someone to care about him and make him feel important. Because he was separated from his parents when he was so young he didn’t get to have the childhood experience of being loved and taken care of by his parents. When he became an adult he was very needy for attention and love. He tried to buy his affection from everyone in his life.

origins of the american traditions :: essays research papers

The origins of the traditions held by the population of American started from the time that this land was first set foot on by the human species and was compounded throughout the rest of time. The immigrants, and slaves expanded up on the traditions of the original settlers. And along with those they brought their own religions and cultures that also added to the traditions of this country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long before the Europeans ever set foot on to the fair soil, people from Asia came to the land that now makes up the Americans. They came by crossing the land and ice bridge once located across the Bering Strait between the Alaska and Russia. This location is now submerged by water. The exact date of the first human arrivals in America is unknown but estimated to be range from twenty thousand to fifty thousand years ago. The Asians that made the trip across the land bridge are the predecessors of the Native Americans that were located in the Americas as the Europeans began to arrive. If the features are compared between these two the similarities are striking and the facts behind this theory become ever more prevalent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Native Americans that were Descendants of the Asian populated North, Central, and South America creating a large variety of cultures. In the late fifteenth century, there were perhaps 240 distinct Native American cultures just in North America alone with a population estimated at between one to two million people. Although these two million people varied greatly in there social cultures, government, economic systems, and others aspects of their life, they shared between them a common respect for and connection with the natural world. Were as the Europeans encroaching upon their land tended only to look at the natural world as something to be subdues owned and used for personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Europeans to arrive in America are believed to be Norse sailors from Scandinavia. Leif Ericsson, son of Eric the red who settled Greenland, established a brief settlement in current day Canada around the year one thousand. After this brief settlement the Europeans did not return for nearly five hundred years on a misguided voyage not in tended for the Americas but for the Orient. This discovery was made by the Italian Explorer Christopher Columbus, who had the misconception that he had reached India when he had made land fall on the present-day island of th4e Bahamas, henceforth the natives whom he met being called â€Å"Indians†.

Storm Born Chapter Twenty-Two

I didn't give Lara all the details the next day, only that I'd just broken up with a guy. â€Å"Ice cream,† she advised me through the phone. â€Å"Lots of ice cream. And tequila. That's the key.† â€Å"I can't do a lot of drinking right now.† â€Å"Hmm. Well, maybe get one of those liqueur-flavored ice creams. Like with Kahla or Irish cream.† â€Å"Any other hot tips?† â€Å"Chick flicks.† â€Å"Good God. I'm disconnecting right now.† â€Å"Well, then, try this.† She sounded huffy. â€Å"I just got a call from a guy who thinks there's a troll in his basement. Seems like beating one of those up would be therapeutic.† â€Å"Lara's full of shit,† Tim told me later when I recounted the phone call. â€Å"Why do women turn to ice cream? It makes them fat, then they hate themselves and start going on and on about how they'll never find anybody, blah, blah. It's stupid. Now, if you've got some peyote squirreled away, that'd be a different matter†¦.† â€Å"No,† I said. â€Å"No peyote. Not after what happened last time.† He made a face. â€Å"All right, then. My best advice? Don't call him. He's probably going through all sorts of regret and guilt. You call him, he'll feel smothered and put up his defenses. Let him stew for a while, and he'll call you.† â€Å"I don't want him to call.† â€Å"Sure, Eug.† I ended up taking down the troll later that day, but it didn't really do much for me. Neither did the Kiss puzzle I put together that night. With my doldrums growing, I was only too happy when my next lesson with Dorian came the following day. Considering his fascination with human things and novelty in general, I thought he'd like eating out somewhere. I didn't know why I bothered; we probably should have gone straight to the lesson. Maybe I felt guilty about the sex thing. Maybe I was lonely. After a quick drive, I arrived at the Catalina Lodge, a prissy hotel about a mile or so from Catalina State Park. I parked in a remote spot, hopefully away from watchful eyes, and sat down on the ground with crossed legs. The ring sat beside me on the asphalt. Slipping on my sunglasses, I leaned against the car and waited. My timing couldn't have been more perfect. A few minutes later, I felt the pressure and tingling, and then Dorian materialized beside me. He'd left the robes and cloaks at home, wearing dark pants and a blousy, sage-colored shirt that looked only moderately out of place. He squinted up at the bright sunlight and then noticed me on the ground. â€Å"Isn't it ever cloudy in this infernal place?† I straightened up, and he offered a hand to help me rise. â€Å"I could arrange that if you wanted.† â€Å"And risk you wiping out half of your fair city? No thank you.† â€Å"Figured you'd appreciate that. It'll make your world domination easier. One less place to conquer.† â€Å"No. I need this place intact. I plan on keeping prisoners and exiled enemies here. Where exactly are we today?† â€Å"Mere steps away from the best food of your life, if rumors are true.† He flashed me one of his trademark grins. â€Å"Pleasure before business? My, my, you never fail to astound me.† â€Å"Hell, wait'll you hear me identify every water source in the restaurant.† That, at least, had been a good thing to come from Beltane. I could now feel cactuses, wells, and any other water source within a certain distance. I could even sense people now since the human body was supposed to be, what, 65 percent water? That meant no one could sneak up on me. Inside and seated, Dorian found watching his surroundings far more fascinating than anything on the menu. â€Å"Pick something for me,† he said distractedly, watching a family leave with four small children in tow. He cocked his head curiously. â€Å"By the gods, do all those little ones belong to them?† I glanced up. â€Å"Likely.† â€Å"And their mother looks pregnant again. Incredible. Back home, those people would be worshipped as fertility deities. A family with two children is remarkable enough.† The waitress returned. I ordered spinach-stuffed ravioli for me and some sort of spicy chicken for him. â€Å"A lot of middle-and upper-class families actually go out of their way to only have two kids. And a lot of them don't even start until they're older than me.† â€Å"Baffling.† He propped his elbow on the table, resting his chin in his hand. â€Å"A woman your age could have had that many children by now.† â€Å"Hey, I'm like twenty-six. I'm not that old. I don't even look my age.† â€Å"That's your father's blood. And I wasn't insulting your age – merely making an observation.† He sighed. â€Å"I'd give up half my kingdom for just one child.† I smiled slyly. â€Å"And the chance to be the father of Storm King's grandson?† â€Å"I'd be just as happy to father his granddaughter too. I'd be happy to father anyone's child.† â€Å"Then why don't you find some nice girl and do it?† â€Å"Believe me, it hasn't been for lack of trying.† His face held a rare seriousness, but the expression vanished as quickly as it came. â€Å"Ah, now there's a fetching young woman.† Following his gaze across the restaurant, I saw a tall blond woman exit the restroom. She was stuffed into a tiny spandex dress, her chest practically spilling out. I didn't have the heart to tell Dorian there was probably a lot of silicone in there. His eyes lingered on her, then his charm-alarm must have gone off for fear of neglecting me. He turned back around. â€Å"Not that you don't look lovely today too.† â€Å"You don't have to pacify me.† I laughed. â€Å"You're welcome to ogle other women.† Our late-afternoon meal proceeded nicely, and everything about it continued to enchant Dorian. The credit card I used to pay with at the end especially captivated him. â€Å"It has information about me stored in it,† I tried to explain. â€Å"That information lets the restaurant get money from me.† He picked up the returned card gingerly, turning it over and over in his fingers. â€Å"Intriguing. I imagine this has to do something with electricity? The blood of your culture?† His wry tone made me smile. â€Å"Something like that.† It wasn't until we were on the mile and a half walk to Catalina State Park that things got a little tense. â€Å"Heard from the kitsune lately?† â€Å"He has a name,† I snapped. â€Å"Heard from Kiyo lately?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Really? He hasn't tried to contact you and beg for forgiveness?† â€Å"No,† I repeated between gritted teeth. Something about the way he said it made it sound like I'd been dealt a great insult. â€Å"Odd. I think that's what I'd do if I'd offended my ladylove. Of course, I suppose when a man spends half his existence as an animal, you can't really expect him not to act like one.† I halted and turned on Dorian. â€Å"Stop it. Just stop it, okay? Stop trying to poison me against him.† â€Å"You don't need me to do what he's already done.† â€Å"Damn it, Dorian. I'm serious.† We started walking again, but it was me who brought up the subject again after several minutes of silence. â€Å"You knew. You knew Maiwenn was pregnant and didn't tell me.† â€Å"It wasn't my secret to tell. Besides, I got in trouble the last time I spoke badly of her. You accused me of trying to turn you against her.† â€Å"I'm not sure this is really the same thing. We're talking about Kiyo now. Last time it was about Maiwenn wanting to kill me.† â€Å"And you don't think they're the same thing?† I stopped walking. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Kiyo is her friend, formerly her lover, and now the father of her child. He stands firmly with her against Storm King's invasion. Yet, where would he stand if it came to a choice between you or her? What if Maiwenn decided you were too great a threat? What would he do? What would he do if you accidentally got pregnant?† A chill ran through me at his words. I abruptly turned away and barely recognized my own voice when I spoke. â€Å"I don't want to talk about this anymore.† He held up his hands in a pacifying gesture, face calm and affable. â€Å"I honestly intended no harm. Pick another topic. We'll discuss anything you like.† But I didn't really feel like talking anymore, so the rest of the walk proceeded in silence. When we finally entered the park, the sun was well into its descent. We still had plenty of light and set out to pick a good place to work. We ended up following one of the less traveled trails and then deviated from it into a semi-treed area. We had nothing even close to dense forest coverage, but rock outcroppings, some scraggly pines, and distance from the path promised relative privacy. The routine proved to be the same. Dorian had me sit on the ground, leaning against a rock. He had another stash of those silk cords and again wrapped them around me. The rock didn't make a suitable attachment, so he simply let my hands rest in my lap and bound them together at the wrist. Naturally, he did his usual artistic weave on them, intricately wrapping red and blue cords together. When he moved on to wrapping the cords around my chest and arms, his eyes flicked to mine and then back to his handiwork. â€Å"You aren't really going to stay mad at me for the rest of the day, are you?† â€Å"I'm not mad.† He laughed. â€Å"Of course you are. You're also a terrible liar. Lean forward, please.† I did, letting him tie the knots behind me. â€Å"I just don't like you playing games, that's all. I don't trust them.† â€Å"And pray, what games am I playing?† â€Å"I don't even know half the time. Gentry games, I guess. You speak the truth, but it always has an ulterior motive behind it.† He leaned me gently back against the rock and crouched on his knees to look me in the face. â€Å"Ah, but I do speak the truth.† â€Å"I just can't tell what you want sometimes, Dorian. What your plans are. You're hard to read.† That delighted smile of his spread over his face. â€Å"I'm hard to read? This from the woman who alternately hates and fucks Otherworldly denizens? The same woman who claims not to trust me even while I tie her up, putting her completely at my mercy?† I wiggled in my bonds. â€Å"Well, I trust you with this.† â€Å"Are you sure?† He pressed a hard kiss against my lips. It startled me, but I couldn't do anything about it. This man, this gentry – the one who could be either helping me or using me – had me trapped. I couldn't do anything except let him keep kissing me. The realization triggered a response in me that was quite startling, considering my issues with control and helplessness. It made me feel vulnerable†¦and excited. I turned my head away as much as I could, attempting to break off the kiss. â€Å"Stop that.† He leaned back on his heels. â€Å"Just making a point.† â€Å"No, you weren't. You were just trying to kiss me.† â€Å"Well, yes, you've got me there. But the fact remains: Tied up or free, you can trust me. I do nothing that I don't firmly believe is in the interest of your well-being. The same holds true for casual comments about your love life. Now then.† He stood up. â€Å"Shall we commence this lesson?† â€Å"No blindfold?† I asked, still a little shaken. â€Å"Not needed. You know where the water is. Or you will in just a moment.† He produced the canteen I'd brought along and took off its lid. Searching the area, he found a large boulder, reaching almost to his shoulders. He set the open canteen on top of it and then selected a spot for himself near some scrubby bushes where he had a clear vantage of me and the canteen. â€Å"You feel the water?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Make sure of it. If you accidentally reach one of the trees and end up calling its water, you'll kill the poor thing.† I extended my senses, considering what he said. After a few moments, I felt certain I had the water sources all differentiated. â€Å"No, I've got it.† â€Å"All right, then. Call it to you.† â€Å"Am I supposed to make the canteen rise or something?† â€Å"No. You have no connection to it. But you do connect with the water. You feel it. You touch it with your mind. Now coax it to come to you, to come out of its container. You've already done it with storm systems. The trick now is doing it on a small, specific level. Forget about your body – it's useless to you now. This is all in your mind.† â€Å"That's all the instruction I get, coach?† â€Å"Afraid so.† He stretched out, rolling onto his side to get comfortable. For someone who took such care with his clothes, he seemed nonchalant about getting them dirty. I supposed laundry was a small concern when you had a full staff to take care of it. Sighing, I turned back to the canteen. What I attempted seemed ludicrous – but, then, so had feeling the water in the first place. So, I followed what he said as best I could. My grip on the water was so tight, I might as well have held it in my hand already. But no matter how hard my concentration focused, I couldn't make the water move. It reminded me of the wind. I could feel it but not control it. Well, actually, if my training progressed, I might actually be able to control it some day. But the analogy stood, nonetheless. Time dragged. Extensively. I tried and tried to order the water around, but it refused to obey. More time passed. It crawled. I finally decided it was a good thing the cords covered my watch because I'd be pissed off if I discovered how much time had elapsed. Hours had slipped by; I felt certain of it. The light had grown dimmer and dimmer. Looking over at Dorian, I swore he was asleep. â€Å"Hey,† I said. No response. â€Å"Hey!† He opened one eye. â€Å"I'm not getting anywhere with this. We should call it a night.† He sat up. â€Å"Giving up already?† â€Å"Already? It's been like two hours. Probably three.† â€Å"Miracles don't happen overnight. These things take time.† â€Å"How much time? I'm starting to wonder if you made this magic rule just to procrastinate on getting Jasmine.† â€Å"Well. You can believe that if it makes it easier for you. The truth – if you trust me enough to hear it – is that this is for your own protection. In a perfect world, we would go in and extract the girl quietly. In the real world, we will likely fight Aeson's guards and Aeson himself. I would prefer we both walk out of this alive. You didn't fare so well last time.† â€Å"This is going to take forever. This training.† I knew I was being whiny and petulant, but my back hurt, and mosquitoes had come out. At least in identifying the water source, I'd been able to take guesses. Here I could do nothing more than just wait and stare. If nothing happened, nothing happened. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I told him. â€Å"I'm just tired, that's all. Didn't mean to bitch you out.† He seemed untroubled by my reaction, just like always. Indeed, I could see his face regarding me kindly in the twilight. â€Å"No problem at all. Let's go, then.† He walked over to the canteen and recapped it. Closing my eyes, I leaned my head back against the rock to wait for him to release me. As I did, I felt something cool and wet, like mist, spread out behind my back and neck. To my new water senses, it didn't feel†¦right. Moments later, before I could ponder the difference, the mist coalesced into slimy skin. â€Å"Dori – â€Å" My scream was cut off by cold, clawed hands. One covered my mouth, and the other gripped my throat. Dorian had spun around before my cry, making me think he'd sensed something before I had. He leaped toward me, but four wet, human forms materialized in the air before him, blocking his way. Nixies. Water spirits. Two were male; two were female. Legends whispered they could shape-shift into more beautiful forms, but here they appeared drab. Clammy skin, mottled and gray. Clothes sodden and dripping. Seaweedlike hair hanging down. The one holding me pushed me down flat to the ground, all the better to cut off my oxygen that much faster. Water dripped onto me from her hair, and her eyes gleamed a sickly green in the waning light. She hissed with pleasure and pressed harder while I frantically assessed my options. I finished the assessment pretty quickly because I had no options. I was fully armed but unable to reach anything because of Dorian's fucking bondage fetish. Covering my mouth stopped me from summoning a minion. The world flickered with starbursts as my air disappeared. My lungs and throat heaved, trying desperately to latch onto something. Her claws dug into the tender flesh of my neck, and I half-wondered if she'd rip it out rather than wait for suffocation. My only hope was Dorian, but he wouldn't get to me anytime soon, not with his own army of – Every stone and pebble in the area suddenly lifted off the ground. Shortly thereafter, the really large stones and boulders followed suit. Those big ones exploded, fracturing into thousands of tiny shards. All those little pieces of rock rose higher, joining each other, slowing rotating in a clockwise manner. My captor's grip had lessened slightly, probably from surprise. It didn't return my air, but I twisted my head enough to see Dorian standing with his arms raised up like some sort of symphony conductor. Above him, that cyclone of sharp rocks spun faster and faster, a blur to the eye. Then, as though giving the song's grand finale, he brought his arms down sharply. And down came the rocks. A portion of that maelstrom swooped and soared, the primitive predecessors of bullets. At first their movements seemed chaotic, and I feared falling into their path. But it turned out every rock had its own plan, its own target. Those sharp pieces honed down on the nixie holding me, piercing and slicing with a fierce precision. She opened her mouth in a silent scream as blood splashed onto me, and her torn body collapsed in a bloody, wet pile. I twisted out from under her, taking in big gulping breaths of air. Beyond her, Dorian gave another downward motion, urging his orchestra to its next climactic moment. The rocks swooped into another nixie, cutting it to pieces. Then another†¦and another†¦until the nixies were nothing but ribbons of blood and gore. Their task complete, the rocks gently fell to the earth, as soft and placid as drops of rain. The entire counterattack had taken less than a minute. Immediately, Dorian knelt by my side, helping me sit up as I gasped my way back to life. â€Å"Easy, easy,† he warned. Blood covered both of us. â€Å"Small breaths.† â€Å"Untie me! Get me out of this!† He pulled the silver athame from my belt. In moments, he sliced open the cords, freeing my arms and hands. I jerked away, my adrenaline still surging. He reached for me, but I flailed against him. â€Å"Damn you! You almost got me killed!† I yelled, hearing the hysteria in my voice. â€Å"You almost got me killed!† He grabbed my upper arms with a solid strength, pulling me to him and forcing me to stillness. â€Å"Eugenie, calm down. Eugenie!† He shook me – hard – where I still struggled, and I halted abruptly, quelled by the harsh sound of his voice and ferocity of his grasp. I could no longer find the silly, languid gentry king. There was a stranger holding me, his face hard and commanding. â€Å"Do you think I'd let anything happen to you?† he demanded, almost shouting. â€Å"Do you think I'd let anything harm you?† I swallowed, still in pain from the nixie's claws on my throat, and found my body shaking. His grip was so tight, I might as well have been tied up again. He scared me, having turned into someone else. Someone powerful and awe-inspiring. Looking into his eyes and seeing the sweat on his face, I realized fear had touched more than just me. He was scared too, not for himself, but for what had almost happened to me. Something inside me eased up, and I nearly slumped into him. â€Å"I can't believe what you did,† I whispered. I killed all the time without much thought or effort, but this†¦this had been something else entirely. And he wasn't even at full strength in this world. â€Å"You slaughtered them.† â€Å"I did what I had to do.† The heat in his voice had faded, replaced with a deadly calm. â€Å"And you'll be able to do the same someday.† One of his hands released me and moved to my head, smoothing my hair back. He pressed our bodies together and rested his cheek against mine so his soft words could spill into my ear. â€Å"You will surpass me, Eugenie. Your power will be so great, none will stand against you. Armies and kingdoms will fall, and they will bow down before you.† I found myself trembling again, feeling the same fear and excitement that had filled me during our last kiss. Only this time, I didn't know if my feelings came from his body's proximity†¦or the promise of power he offered.

Effects of Acid Rain

Acid Rain Essay Many may ask how acid can just fall from the sky. However, it falls in the form of rain. Acid rain can be described as rain that is more acidic then regular rain. In scientific terms, acid rain has a pH lower then 5. 6, the pH of clean rain. As shown, clean rain has a pH less then neutral; carbon dioxide in the air interacts with rain causing the drop of pH. Acid rain has a couple different causes. However, pollution plays the biggest role in the creation of acid rain. The burning of fossil fuels from factories, cars, and power plants create fumes, which rise in the air and create acid rain.The two main chemicals in the making of acid rain are sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides. Specifically in the United States, sulfur in coal creates most of the solutions being released by smoke houses. The production of acid rain all starts with reaction with water producing H+ ions. Regular rain, with CO2 as described above, produces one H+ ion and HCO3. When the production of acid rain occurs, the Sulfur dioxide is oxidized and is made sulfur trioxide. The equation of this is: 2SO2+O2 2S03. After oxidation, the sulfur trioxide combines with water to create sulfuric acid that then falls to the ground as acid rain.The equation of this is: SO3+H2OH2SO4. If these reactions just occurred, created acid rain, and didn’t hurt anything when it fell, it would go unnoticed. Too bad it isn’t all that easy. Acid rain doesn’t hurt humans too much, but hurts the environment around us as well as many buildings made of marble. For humans, acid rain’s only impact is that it may irritate our lungs. Also, the acid rain causes poor visibility in certain areas. Acid rain plays a much larger impact on the environment. For example, the effect it has on lakes and rivers. Most lakes have pH’s ranging from six to eight.However, the acid rain that gets absorbed in the soil around the water causes the pH to go lower. In a pond in Franklin, New York the pH got as low as 4. 2. The effect of acid rain is less evident in forests because in some cases acid doesn’t affect the growth of trees. The responsibility we have, is to stop or lessen the amount of acid rain that falls. There are a number of ways this is possible. First is to repair the damage it has already done, second is to clean the smokestacks and our exhaust pipes, and thirdly is to find new efficient and less pollutant fuel sources. The destruction that acid rain as made on marble can always be fixed. There are also techniques to fix lakes by a process called liming, where limestone is added to the water. However, liming is expensive and temporary. Because coal is such an efficient fuel source, it would be hard to change. A different fuel source is the best long-term way of stopping acid rain. Nuclear power is one of the best energy sources but can be extremely dangerous if any accidents occur. If an auto mobile industry were to publish an article about acid rain it would differ greatly from then ones written by environmentalists.The auto industry would steer away from the way cars produce very pollutant gas, and of course would mention how their car is made more environmentally friendly and that the cars they make produce less pollutant gasses. They would do this in order for customers to by their car, and not feel guilty about hurting the environment. For example, many car companies are making hybrid and electric cars in order for people to know they are buying a more environmentally friendly car.

Comprehensive evaluation in Mathematics Essay

Continuous comprehensive Evaluation should be carried out in relation to learners’ cognitive, affective and psycho-motor growth. Cognitive growth refers to the intellectual development of learners (such as learners’ knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation). Affective growth emphasizes learners’ attitude, interest and personal development. Psycho-motor growth deals with learners’ ability to perform some activity or do some practical work. Therefore, if you want the teaching-learning process to be really effective, you should evaluate the learners continuously and comprehensively Hence to bring about the improvement in the quality of education and the holistic development of the child who is tomorrow’s global citizen, evaluation process should focus adequately on both scholastic and non-scholastic areas of development. Hence the focus needs to shift to comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation also needs to have continuity at regular intervals through out the academic year. This thought is further gets support from the fact that the National Progressive Schools Association has also recommended the scrapping of class X board exams This module focuses upon the various evaluation tools and techniques which can be used for decision making with reference to learners scholastic and non scholastic needs. By comprehensive evaluation, we mean that evaluation should not concern itself only with knowledge but it shall also take into account the factors that are inherent in students’ growth such as skills, understanding, appreciation, interest, attitude and habits. In other words, evaluation should cover all the learning experiences of the learner in curricular as well as non-cognitive areas. Need of Continuous comprehensive evaluation. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is intended to provide a holistic profile of the learner through assessment of both scholastic and non-scholastic aspects of education spread over the total span of instructional time in schools. It helps to identify those positive attributes of the learner which are not usually assessed during the examinations conducted by the Board As it is spread over a period of two years in class IX and X it provides several opportunities for the school to identify the latent talents of the learners in different contexts.

Morilla Estate Marketing Plan

Morilla Estate Marketing Plan Internal Analysis In 1995, Mr. David Walsh acquired the Moorilla Estate in Hobart, and by 2005, the business had incorporated iconic brands with the Aim of becoming Australia’s most respected wine producing estate, although the company is not among the industry top ten wine producers in terms of revenue or tonnage the company boasts of superior wine production and maturation technologies led by Conor van der Reest who is Mooralla’s winemaker.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Morilla Estate Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cornor Van Der Reest is an experienced wine maker who has gathered a lot of experience as far as wine making is concerned and has a lot of knowledge as far as conventional wine preparation techniques are concerned with a lot of talent and skill with current emerging bio-dynamic techniques which are commonly used in cool climatic regions such as Tasmania (Moorilla 2011). With Van Der Reest on the helm of premium wine development and manufacturing then Moorilla is most likely to produce elegant premium wine that has elegant taste and can compete equally in the Australian wine industry. The company has relatively adequate resources to pursue its goals and objectives. However, competition slows down the growth capabilities and the ability of the company in the Australian market like other well established companies (Baumol Alan 2007, 16). The Estate is headed by well capable leaders who are able to see that the vision of the company is achieved and this is why the company has been growing rapidly since 1995 and has expanded its business to other industries such as the restaurant and beer industry in order to tap into the market that exists in Australia (Moorilla 2011). Moorilla estate has sufficient human resources and uses conventional recruitment strategies to acquire highly talented individuals who will assist the organization in all the businesses that it pursues, especially when it comes to wine making the chief wine maker, Van Dar Reest makes sure that the company gets enough skilled man power who will assist the company to produce the best vintage wine through ensuring that the company adheres to the latest production technologies available in the market to mature and even package their wine. The current number of permanent employees who have experience in dealing with wine stands at over 20 while the company also has temporary staff of over 50 employees who occasionally tend to the vineyards and assist in the process of placing wine in casks for maturation (Moorilla 2011). The company’s culture has gone a long way in ensuring that a high degree of professionalism and quality standards are adhered to. External Analysis General environment With Australia being the fourth largest producer of wine producing slightly over 750 million litres of Wine the countries wine industry is characterised by and superior wine manuf acturing techniques that make the industry a competitive participant that makes over $ 5.5 billion annually from the sales of branded and premium wine (Winebiz 2011).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the ABS, total Australian domestic sales including imported wines went up by over 4.7% during 2010 to 535 million litres. The domestic sales of wine within the borders of Australia went up by 4.66% and 470 million litres were sold and consumed by consumers within Australia (Winebiz 2011). The bad news is that the market share of domestic wines relatively reduced as compared to imported wines which increased their market share in Australia. In this period the total percentage of market share that went to domestic wines was 88% while imported wine 12% unlike previously where domestic wines enjoyed a market share of over 90%, this fact can be attributed to th e aggressive marketing nature of foreign wine companies (Winebiz 2011). The Sales of Australian-produced fortified wines did not register any growth but the sales of red together with white table wine and sparkling wines also went up, this fact has been attributed to the fact that these wines go better with meals and social occasions thus triggering high demand rates. The Australian wine industry also experienced significant growth in the vermouth, carbonated wines and flavoured wines including cocktails wines, un alcoholic wines, and low alcohol content wine. This class improved by 33.9% in 2010 and thus represents approximately 4% of the total wine sales in Australia (Winebiz 2011). The Australian wine market is therefore a good industry that has most of its wine subcategories still growing with the exception of fortified wine. Growing companies which like Moorilla estate can therefore be assured that there exists a good market within and outside Australia and those strategies mus t be developed to gain market share. Competition The level of competition within in the Australian industry is quite stiff with only a few companies taking up a massive part of the markets share this may be due to the fact that these companies come from a lineage of wine makers who have been in this business for decades and possible centuries. These companies that have operated in the industry for so long have build up names and trust among the indigenous Australian market and international community overshadowing upcoming companies thus making it hard for these companies to be able to penetrate the market (Trott, 2008, p.144; Porter, 1990, p.81).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Morilla Estate Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are over 2,477 wine producing companies which commercially operate in Australia with the number of producers and participants increasing by 2.4% annually. The number of co mpanies existing in the Australian wine market usually doubles up every decade. Accolade Wines, Treasury Wine Estates and Casella Wines are accountable for approximately 75% of exported Australian wine by volume. Accolade wines has taken the spot that was previously occupied by treasury wine estates in exporting branded wines while Warburn Estate is one of the few companies that has managed to penetrate the export market and is thus coming up quickly and gaining market share despite accolade wines leading in volume of exports. Treasury wines still boast of being on top of the list of largest exporters in terms of value. Moorilla estate is not among the top ten companies in terms of value and volumes due to the fact that the company has been in the wine industry for a shorter period and hasn’t created brands that can be equalled to those of companies such as Accolade and Treasury wine estates (Winebiz 2011). According to wine biz 2010 the largest producers for domestic and exp ort market wine in Australia are Accolade Wines, Treasury Wine Estates, Casella Wines, Pernod Ricard Pacific, Australian Vintage, De Bortoli Wines, and McWilliam’s Wines Group, Andrew Peace Wines, Warburn Estate, Kingston Estate Wines, Nugan Estate, The Yalumba Wine Company, Peter Lehmann Wines, Littore Family Wines, Angove Family Winemakers, Brown Brothers, The Tahbilk Group, Wingara Wine Group, Grant Burge Wines, and Tyrrell’s Vineyards. One characteristic of these companies is the fact that these companies are very aggressive in terms of marketing and that they produce high quality elegant tasting wine thus giving them some degree of competitive advantage over other companies. The Customer Environment The proposed chateau targets high-end customers who are rich, college-educated babyboomers. These ideal consumers have wine as part of their everyday lives and enjoy going out, and often entertain friends or business partners. Customers naturally become wine educated t hrough classes, literature, and just by taking wine. The company’s second customer target is made up of business individuals and entities; far most wholesalers and distributors. Wholesalers act as middlemen for distributing wine to leading restaurants and wine shops situated all over Australia. The second business category the winey is targeting is in state restaurants executives and sommeliers. The third business category is in-state specialty wine shops, which focus on carrying first-class wine.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demographic trends Australian wine industry specialists explain that the tremendous growth in the high-end wine market is due to the aging babyboomers. Babyboomers are heading towards their prime drinking age and this class of customers is predicted to raise high-end wine consumption for a period of time. Each day in Australia, close to 50,000 individuals celebrate their fiftieth birthday and 50 to 59 year olds take 16.5 bottles of wine each year as compared to 6.8 bottles each year for the 21 to 29 year olds. Majority of these babyboomers are wealthy and can comfortably spend luxuries, such as high-wine wines. The important players in the purchase process for the firms products are; Purchasers/distributors (actual act of purchase), users (actual product user), influencers (influence the decision and make recommendations). The purchase or distribution channel has a significant influence on the price the company will receive for its products. Wholesalers and distributors discounts ar e clearly stated, and these discounts greatly reduce the winery’s profit margins. Tasting room and in state direct mail sales are the only ways through which the producer sells directly to wine users and charges retail price. Direct sales to eateries and wine shop owners are made at wholesale prices that are two thirds of the retail prices. The winery mainly targets high-end consumers and this might fail to go along way with low-end consumers. The target consumers are wealthy sophisticated individuals and the winery needs to build a brand name within the target consumers, it has to sell its products at a premium to enable the high-end identify themselves with the product. The winery’s products are of top notch quality and that is why they are charged at a premium and the company cannot compromise the quality of its products or brand name at the expense of attracting non-customers.  The competing products are a big challenge to the winey to penetrate. However majority are able to keep the market share considering that they have been in the industry some even for a century. Also some offer low-end products and since that is not our market niche, the hold the winery’s non-customers.  Majority of wine consumers in Australia prefer fortified wines red wine, white table wine, sparkling wines, flavoured wine and low alcohol wine and non alcoholic wines. Due to the social nature of Australians than the country’s premium branded wine market is constantly on the growth rate and consumers spend close between $ 20 and $60 per bottle depending on occasions on wine (Winebiz 2011). The Australia adult population also consumes a lot of red and white wine after meals thus prompting wine makers to market wine on this platform. The premium wine market is thus becoming a very important business for wine producers and these companies are dedicating a lot of effort and manufacturing the best branded and tasting wines and introducing them to the marke t (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008, 43). The levels of disposable income amongst Australians is high thus meaning that Australia is the type of market which consumers can indulge in the purchase of luxury goods thus getting a share of it is a quite an attractive business segment for all the wine makers in Australia. Although premium wine is meant for a targeted group of consumers more and more consumers within the Australian market are indulging in drinking premium wine due to the fact that they are attracted to the high quality of wine that premium bands are known to offer to the market such wines come in brands such as Pinot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Brut and Rose which are among the highest consumed brands of wine amongst the customers in Australia. Core Business Drinking wine is part of the culture of people of Australia thus making the wine business quite an attractive market, especially owing to the fact that the country in 2009-2010, calendar purchased and consumed well over 500 million litres of wine. The premium wine market is expanding within Australia and internationally and it presents a lot of business opportunities in both the domestic and export market. Moorilla estate thus intends to operate successfully within this portion of the industry and cash on the opportunity by manufacturing, branding and selling elegant premium wine brands. The company possesses the muse and praxis series of wine which has been developed using the latest conventional bio-dynamic strategies making their wine highly superior in terms of taste and quality. It is thus the aim of Moorilla estate to cater to the needs of consumers who desire to have high quality premium wine in Australia. Swot analysis Internal Environment The internal analysis of a company basically focuses on the strength and weaknesses of the organization itself, and how they impact the total business scenario of the concern and company strategies (Wheelen and Hunger 2002). In this aspect one thing is very important, what can be determined as strength can change into the weakness in another aspect. There are factors like finance, marketing, and the service providing capabilities, the macroeconomic factors, the technological changes and most importantly the different legal matters that come with the maintenance of the properties (Campbell, D., et al, 2002.p.64) Strengths A key strength of the Moorilla is expected to come from the highly experienced Chief wine maker Van Dar Reest and his team of wine makers who have the necessary skill and knowledge together with bio-dynamic technologies to make superior wine. The wine maker is expected to import their wide variety of knowledge that he has gathered over the years and apply it into wine business to make Moorilla estate become successful. The current organizational culture of Moorilla estate is very suitable for their business mission, vision and strategic goals, the company’s top management has build his business on the platform o f delivering highly differentiated products and premium wine thus this platform will assist the company to create a favourable brand image. The fact that the company has its own vineyards and enough human resources to nature a wide variety of vintage and youthful grapes and other fruits which are used to make their wine is also strength of the company (Moorilla 2011). The fact that the company has a wide variety of selection under their muse series and praxis series together with vintage collection ultimately serves as strength to the company. Weaknesses Constraint financial resource may limit the level of growth that Moorilla may intend to achieve during its operations, since other competitors such as Accolade and Treasury and Casella wine estates are able to operate with amore aggressive business model giving these companies a competitive age (Winebiz 2011). The current marketing strategy of the company and wine manufacturing facilities are not large enough to increase the revenue and volume of wine sales thus reducing the activities of Moorilla estate to the Tasmanian region. The company also does not have a superior distribution strategy thus having a limited distribution capability as compared to the top 20 wine producing and selling companies which operate in Australia. External environment Strategic planning be it short or long term is done in the light of company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Sinkovics Ghauri, 2009, p.177). A company’s strengths and weaknesses takes a critical look into internal factors such as company resources, culture and structure while on the other hand opportunities and threats take a look at a company’s external environment. Opportunities The Australia wine industry is worth over $5 billion thus making the industry quite attractive if a company uses the right approach then it will most likely step upon its activities. Due to the company’s limited resource situation the company ca n enter into contractual agreements with other well established companies locally within Australia or even internationally this way the company can be able to increase the volume of sales. The current marketing weaknesses of the company can offer a platform of improving their business only if the company invites independent marketing firms to audit their current systems and suggest a complete overhaul of their marketing strategy (Lancaster Withey 2006 p.43-32). Threats The increasing level of competition within the Australian wine industry can threaten the strategic path of Moorilla estates, it is thus up to the companies not to let competition within the industry get out of hand, and this can be achieved by competing cautiously. Foreign brands also pose a threat to the business of Moorilla and thus effective marketing strategies should be used to counter the moves made by these foreign brands ( Hedley, 2002,p.16-19). Objectives and goals The first and main goal of Moorilla Estate is by 2014 to be enlisted among the top twenty wineries companies in the Australian market by increasing its wine production volumes and sales values. This can be attainable by adopting a more proactive business model that will allow the company to be more vigorous. The current business model limits the company’s business to Tasmania but the company needs to form partnerships with other companies in order to increase the sales of the company over a period of 3 years. The company with therefore need to invest more in marketing communication in order to create a suitable brand image that will make the company’s wide product range more known to the public. Considering the tremendous reception of the winery’s products in the Australian market, with more aggressive and proactive marketing strategies the company can go far.  The second goal is to grow its brand recognition among its potential consumers and make Moorilla Estate an household name. The brand value asso ciated with the muse series and the praxis series brands is quite low as compared to that of leading competitors within the industry. The management of Moorilla Estate aims to ensure that the brand is among the top 20 brands within the Australian wine market. The management believes that if this is attained then the level of brand association between the company and its brands will automatically increase the demand levels of all their brands within the Australian domestic and the export market. This can thus be achieved by massive promotion campaigns and partnerships such as sponsorship of events that will create massive awareness that is good for the strategic goals of Moorilla.  Many successful organizations often have cost management strategies that are very suitable for their organizations making it quite easy for the company to reduce costs and maximize income. Moorilla estate third goal aims at keeping its costs low by eliminating any unnecessary costs, this way the company can make more money and these funds may be used to invest in research and development of wine and expanding their business model. This can be attained by operating using budgets and focused planning techniques that will alow the company to optimize their resources and working with a trimmed staff that will assist the company fro spending a lot on unnecessary labour costs. Cost utilisation can be measured by the profit margin and the returns on capital of the company. Proposed Marketing Mix Pricing A penetration and Skimming policy could be implemented by the management of Moorilla estate to price their premium wine products in order to gain ground fast in the market while at the same time maximize revenue streams at the higher end of their premium products ( Bennet,2006,p.80-87). Some of the high end premium products that sell for over $40 per bottle include Muse series’ Brut, Rose, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah, while those premium products on the lower end which can be pric ed using price penetration strategy include Gewà ¼rztraminer, Pinot Gris, Rieslin and Praxis series’ Riesling, Sauvignon blank, Chardonnay, Vintage Riesling Brut. This pricing strategy is intended to undercut the price offered by competitors for similar products, but ensuring that quality of wine is not compromised. This pricing approach will allow Moorilla to have a competitive advantage by selling premium products and competing using both a differentiation and cost focus at the same time by selling high quality brands which have respect and a good name it the market. Thus when consumers have more money to spend on a single purchase of wine they can purchase the higher end of premium wine offerings but once they are tight on cash the consumers can hence forth purchase those products that are on the lower end of the premium offering of the Muse and Praxis series. Figure 1 Michael Porters generic competitive strategies used by companies to gain competitive advantage. Product Moorilla marketing department has ensured that superiorly designed bottles are used to package their wine products. Considering that packaging plays a very big role towards ensuring that that consumers attention is captured then the wide variety of brands under Moorilla are well designed to ensure that their products have the right appeal as compared to offerings of competitors ( Brassington, Pettitt, 2006,p.65) The packaging used it Moorilla estate variety of wins are not a danger to consumers and to the products inside the bottles the products can be even bought and stored for years in order to become vintage wine. The company currently bottles their wine in 750ml and 1litre bottles. Promotion Promotions a very important part of commercial success and therefore Moorilla estate must invest enough resources to ensure that Promotions run properly and all brands under Moorilla get the right amount of exposure. A good promotional mix should always target the consumers and resellers ( Holm, 2006, p 69). Consumer promotional activities encourage consumers to buy more of the product.It is thus necessary that most of marketing communication effort be directed to the right audience through the mass media and the marketing portals, with more information being displayed and exposure being repeated then the brands belonging to Moorilla estate well be better known and then chances of their sales going up will be increased ( Heding, Charlotte Mogens, 2009,p.67-71). With social marketing becoming more and more famous the internet through blog sites, Facebook and Twitter is also a reliable source for customer information that is more likely to spread credible information about the brands belonging to the company and thus increase consumer traffic in local stores and on the online purchase centres (Balmer Greyser, 2006, p. 736; Brown, 2006, p.23). Seasonal discounts and offers are also a very important part of promotion, hotels are a very important part of the supply chain of premium wine and thus Moorilla estate should work in partnership with the biggest hotels and approach customers with discount rates this way those consumers who will purchase their brands are more likely to notify their friends by word of mouth if they are impressed by the elegant taste of the muse and praxis series. Place/distribution The volume of sales is often influenced distribution networks that companies have developed over the years, if a company does not use the right channels to distribute their product then a company is most likely not to optimize their sales (Goodstein, et al. 1993,p.153) The fastest moving places for wine are hotels, supermarkets and liquor stores it is thus the duty of the marketing department get in partnership with the most respected retailers and wholesalers such as supermarkets, hotels and liquor stores in order to ensure that products belonging to Moorilla estate are repeatedly exposed in areas that are open to the to higher numbers of consume r traffic. Besides using stores, Moorilla also uses direct marketing techniques that allow consumers to order their products directly for m their website and have their orders delivered to the door step this way the company can make sales without the help of other middle men and other institutions ( Kotler Keller, 2006, p.279-282). It is thus the intention of Moorilla estate management to ensure that the company is able to use all the available channels of distribution because this way the company will be able to maximize the total volume of products and brands belonging to their estate in the market. Process The production process that go min developing wine is very particular and goes a long way into defining the taste and flavour of wine. Many consumers of wine are very particular and are more likely to be annoyed or highly dissatisfied if their favourite brand of wine taste different just because the due process of manufacturing their wine was not followed (Charles, W. et al. 2 00, p 211-213). It is thus very important for wine manufacturers put in place the right mechanisms to ensure quality standards are followed and that consistency manufacturing is assured (Balmer Greyser, 2006, p. 734-738). This is thus why Moorilla estate ensured that it acquired on of the best wine makers Van Der Reest to lead their wine production process. Experienced wine makers such as Van Der Reest use analytical chemistry techniques such as titration and measurement of PH levels to group wine while still in casks. Labelling of casks and grouping them according to time to maturity and fermentation together with ingredients and clear documentation and techniques are very important part of ensuring that the final products elegant and of precise taste. Failure to ensure that the right process are followed before the product hits the market then the final product is more likely to fail in the market because consumers will be displeased by it due to the fact that the taste/flavour m ay not meet their expectations. Implementation The entire marketing program is to be monitored every year and the full results are expected to seen after three years, during this period of implementation the Moorilla estate should put in place an implementation committee that will be used to monitor closely the implementation process with the aim of putting the entire process on track.  The implementation process usually requires a company to provide enough resources in order to ensure that strategy implementation is successful. The top management understands that implementation of strategy is often met with resistance and thus the first step of the implementation stage is to encourage organizational personnel to embrace change by sensitizing them on the need of the change and giving them positive attributes that are to arise put of the change this is because human resource are the most important resource of the organization and thus when they are ready to embrace the change, then the chance of success are more ( Felkins, et al. 1993,p.55). The goal in this case is objective of the marketing department and management in Moorilla estate is to make the company a common name within the wine industry of Australia by building the brand value of Moorilla estate wine brands.  If the company is to achieve its first goal, which is to be among the top 20 wine producers in Australia, then it needs to dedicate significant resources that will see the success of the strategy. The company will need to develop a competitive intelligence unit that will be given the sole responsibility of conducting continuous research and forwarding relevant information to the implementation committee of the company. The establishment of this committee will therefore require financial and human resources together with procedures detailing how they are to work (Brigham Houston 2009, 91-93). Additionally, marketing communication activities often demand that a company develops a public relat ions office and thus it is important the company hires or creates and internal public relation office that will be in charge of publicizing the company through the various media especially the social media and cheaper avenues of gaining publicity. While the responsibility of creating publicity will be assigned between the competitive intelligence department, the marketing department and the newly formed PR department, It is up to the management to keep a close eye on the activities and ensure that incremental processes that are consistent to the goals are carried out in due time. Those responsible of achieving the various goals are supposed to use findings of their research that they may have gathered from published sources and credible competitors due develop tactics that they will use to ensure that the company increases its brand value steadily. Although the long term goal is building brand value and make Moorilla estate brands popular, it is only logical for those implementing t he strategy that they need to use incremental steps in order to achieve the long term goal and this can be achieved by increasing the amount of media coverage and hits that the company has on their websites (Kotler 2003, 278). The company can also sponsor large events or local sport teams, and trade exhibitions and billboards to create curiosity among the community and especially Australia and this way the company can start gaining exposure and building their brand value slowly one stem at a time. The important thing is that managers use controls that will assist the company operate with a high level of consistence increasing repeated exposures. At the same time, the company should develop good channels of communication that will assist the managers communicate the progress of the implementation to the employees and to ensure that every member who is part of the team and workforce plays his part towards achieving the goal. If communication is poor then a company may often delink its elf from its corporate strategic goals therefore injuring the performance of the company both financially and non-financially goals (Wheelen Hunger 2002, 221). Moorilla estates should ensure that the company develops a direct means of communication where the company that will link those responsible of decision making with the employees who interact day-in-day-out with the customers and other industry participants. The progress of strategic goals can thus be measured by using a balanced score card approach. By comparing targeted goals and actual performance at specific periods i.e. (Q1.Q2.Q3.Q4) the implementation committee can evaluate strategy with the aim of initiating change. Evaluation and control Morilla Estate will adopt a balanced scorecard approach to evaluate, monitor and justify any corrections in strategy within organizations (Wheelen Hunger 2002, 303). The main advantage of a balanced scorecard approach is that it uses both a financial and non financial approach to mea sure strategic success of an organization, by comparing input of various processes and outputs. Since Moorilla estates aims to gain brand recognition and increase its brand value hoping to trigger associative purchases to its brands, it is thus the duty of the implementation committee to measure the actual results of their strategic efforts quarterly per year and if the actual outcomes surpass the targeted outcome then there will be no need to carry out any strategic changes but if the actual outcome falls below the actual planned performance then there will be needed to change or alter the strategy (Frey 2008, 32). BSC is a highly effective strategic performance management tool that enables managers take a critical look on how appropriate the marketing strategies that will be put in place by Moorilla estate management is to achieving their goals. The BSC approach allows managers to review strategy by taking an in-depth look at how the organization performed especially when it comes to financial parameters, customer parameters; Internal business processes parameters and learning and growth parameters of the organization. If the brand value of this brand goes up then there will be financial consequences, customer consequences and other consequences and this can be used as the key indicators that can be used to evaluate if the strategy that was put in place was effective and good enough to help the company realize its goals. This is the approach that will be used by management within Moorilla estate to control and evaluate how the organization performed strategically. Assuming that all goes well then the company will be pushed into a better financial position and thus the company will realize a growth in sales and revenues because of increased customer traffic but if the opposite happens then this will mean the there is something wrong with the strategy that aims to increase brand value of wine products belonging Muse and Praxis series to Moorilla estate. The sa me applies to the customer aspect of the BSC if Moorilla is able to meet its brand value objectives customers are more likely to be satisfied and there will be less customer complaints, the results of such a phase will include high customer rates and low customer defection rates and hence if the latter happens the company is most likely to blame the current strategic regime for the failure in achieving targets (Steiner 1997, 77). The outcome of the BSC process is used by management in Moorilla estate to justify the need of carrying out any strategic changes in the company within the marketing strategy (Koontz Weihrich 2009, 132). A table representing some of the BSC parameters that are used by Moorilla estate to evaluate and control strategy Financial This parameter allows the managers to analyse financial benefits which can be attributed to the strategy some of this include, revenues, sales, net profits, costs but if the expected results were not realized and the strategy is to blame then a strategy change can be initiated (Ring Perry, 1985,66). Customer Customers are a key part of business and their happiness must be appreciated and be kept happy. Some of these parameters include customer satisfaction levels, customer loyalty. And if the customer is highly unsatisfied then the strategy of handling customers may need to change (McDonald, 2003,p.133) Internal Business Processes Business processes are responsible for ensuring that transactions for an organization to be highly efficient and carry out its core business with a high degree of accuracy to satisfy consumers its business process must be streamlined ( Kitchen, 2005,p.36-39) Some business process parameters may include number of defects. Learning Growth Organizations should be exposed to continuous learning so that they can advance and become better (Kourdi, 2009, p.33) The ability of strategy to enable an organization practice innovation and realize value is very important and therefore if a n organization doesn’t grow then strategy may need to be changed. References Balmer, J.T.M., Greyser, A.S., 2006. Corporate Marketing; Integrating Corporate Identity, Corporate Branding, Corporate Communications, Corporate Image And Corporate Reputation. European journal of marketing, vol 40 issue: 7/8 pp. 730-741. Baumol, W.J. Alan, S.B., 2007. Economics: Principles and Policy. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Bennet P., 2006. Marketing Management and Strategy, 4th edn. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Brassington, F. Pettitt, S., 2006. Principles of Marketing, 4th edn. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Brigham, E.F. Houston J.F., 2009. Fundamentals of Financial Management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Brown, B.C., 2006. How to use thee Internet to advertise, promote and market your business or website- with little or no money. New York, NY: Atlantic Publishing Company. Campbell, D., et al, 2002. Business Strategy an Introduction, 2 edn, Banbury Rd, Butterworth-Heinemann. Ch arles, W. et al. 2002.Essentials of Marketing, Natorp Boulevard, South Western Cengage Learning. Felkins, et al. 1993. Change Management: A Model for Effective Organizational Performance, Quality Resources. New York, NY: White Plains. Frey, R.S., 2008. Successful strategies for Small Businesses: using product knowledge, 5 edn, Norwood, Artech House Inc. Goodstein, et al. 1993. Applied strategic planning: a comprehensive guide. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Heding, T., Charlotte K.F. Mogens B., 2009. Brand management: research, theory and practice. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Hedley, B., 2002. A fundamental approach to strategy development. Long Range Planning Vol. 9, no. 6 pp. 2-11. Holm, O., 2006. Intergraded marketing communication: from tactics to strategy corporate communication objectives. An international journal, vol11, iss 1 pp. 22-33, emerald publishing group. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Whittington, R., 2008. Exploring corporate strategy: texts and cases, 8th e dn. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Limited. Kitchen, P.J., 2005. A reader in marketing communication. London: Routledge. Koontz, H. Weihrich, H., 2009. Essence of Management an International Perspective. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Kotler, P., Keller, K., 2006. Marketing Management, 13th edn. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., 2003. Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Kourdi, J., 2009.Business Strategy: A Guide to Effective Decision Making, 2 edn, New York: Economist books. Lancaster, G. Withey, F., 2006. Marketing Fundamentals: CIM Course book, London: Butterworth-Heimann. McDonald, M., 2003. Marketing plans: how to prepare them, how to use them, 5th edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Moorilla. Web. Porter, M.E., 1990. Competitive advantage, illustrated edn, Northampton, MA: Free Press. Ring, P. Perry, J., 1985. Strategic management in public and private organizations: implications and distinctive con texts and constraints. Academy of Management Review Vol 10, pp. 276-286. Sinkovics, R. Ghauri N.P., 2009. New Challenges to International Marketing. London: Emerald Group Publishing. Steiner, G., 1997. Strategic planning: what every manager must know. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Trott. P., 2008. Innovation Management and New Product Development, 4th edn. London: Pearson. Wheelen, T.L., Hunger J.D., 2002. Strategic Management and Business Policy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Winebiz. Web.

The Complete Guide to a Geology Term Paper

The Complete Guide to a Geology Term Paper Students are sometimes required to write a term paper at the end of their school semester. It is usually designed to enable the instructors to assess and track the students’ knowledge of the course. It is important to note that a term paper is somehow different from an essay as it needs extensive research and technical writing skills. An instructor expects a paper that is well-researched, analytical, organized, and generally well-written. With the help of these skills, a student can write a term paper that can show that they have acquired the needed knowledge. A term paper is easy to write as long as a student follows the basic steps needed to complete such papers. This geology term paper guide offers a step-by-step process that can be used to write an excellent term paper. However, it is important to take into account the needs of the instructor. How to Start a Winning Term Paper: Best Picks from Our Writers Selection of Geology Term Paper Topic The first step is to select an appropriate topic for the geology term paper. At times, an instructor provides a specific topic that should be covered in a term paper. In such a case, the topic cannot be changed, and the student can move forward with the other steps. The other scenario is when students are required to pick a topic on their own. In this case, students can use various strategies to select a suitable issue. An example is where a student elects to examine geologic materials in the library and brainstorm ideas for a suitable topic. Nevertheless, it would be appropriate for them to select a topic in areas where they are interested in or that can be useful for their future careers. Choosing an interesting topic can be a good recipe for writing a good term paper. Here are some sample topics in geology term paper writing you can discuss: Analysis of the Processes Involved in the Formation of a Coral Reef; Exploration of Underlying Activities in Volcanism; The Impact of the Hydrologic Cycle on Agricultural Activities; Analysis of Anthropogenic Activities Contributing to Climate Change; How the Process of Weathering Varies According to the Geographical Location. Researching the Sources The chosen topic will guide the student on the resources that will be needed to complete the term paper. The materials for the research can be obtained from the school library or online databases. In both cases, it is important to come up with keywords that can make it easier to obtain relevant sources within a short time. Students should follow the instructor’s guideline in the selection of suitable sources. For instance, the instructor might need to use only scholarly sources. In such a case, only books and journal articles should be used in the research. If there is no such requirement, students can be free to use information from other reliable sources such as government websites, for example. Journal articles usually have information that is specific, while books tend to focus on a more general audience. It is important to group the chosen articles based on the similarities in their concepts. Obtaining Knowledge The number of sources that should be used in a paper is dependent on the number of pages. However, there are some cases where the instructor can define the number of external sources in the term paper. Students should not go beyond the instructor’s guidelines. After obtaining all the required sources, they should go to a quiet place where there is no disturbance and start to analyze information. For journal articles, students can obtain the main ideas by examining their abstracts. These are summaries that can provide a better way of understanding the material. This can be followed by reading the entire articles for more detailed information. For books, students are advised to look at the table of contents so as to guide them to the specific information that they might need. They should note down all the vital information as they read through the sources. For a term paper, the process can take a few days depending on the number of pages and required sources. Organizing the Material The information noted should be organized before it is used in the term paper. It would be better to identify important themes to make the analysis of the materials easier. Information from the sources should be grouped according to the themes. For a geology term paper, the themes can be used to build up sections and subsections of the paper. Students should find as many of them as possible but within the limited topic and number of pages. At the end of this process, they should be ready to start writing the term paper. However, it is important to identify the thesis statement that will be used to focus it on the specific concepts as shown below. Thesis Statement/Statement of Purpose After completing the research process, it is vital to look back on the topic and identify the strongest idea or ideas that will be discussed in the paper. This is an assertion that the student will make it clear to the instructor or reader about what they expect to learn in the paper. This is the spine of the paper and all the conclusions will be anchored here. For a term paper, it is also allowable for students to use a purpose statement to show the direction of the paper. Nevertheless, students should provide enough room for flexibility in case they might want to make some changes in the course of writing. They can go back and adjust the thesis or purpose statement as necessary. When all the elements have been covered, the students will be set to complete the first draft of the term paper based on the outline provided below. Is the Outline an Essential Part? Title Page and Abstract The title page and abstract can be completed at the end of the paper. The format of the title page can differ depending on the formatting style used or the requirements of the instructor. However, standard title pages should have the title of the paper, the name of the student, class, and submission date. After completing the title page, the student should write the abstract or executive summary. It is important to note that the summary is quite different from the conclusion or introduction. Some students have a tendency of copying some information from the conclusion to the abstract. It is important to note that an abstract is a brief review that presents a term paper and the most important points or findings. The reader should be able to understand the entire paper by reading only the abstract. That is why it should be completed at the end of the paper. Introduction In a geologic term paper, the introduction provides some background information about the topic that is going to be discussed. If the topic is about the formation of coral islands, the students should provide some information about corals and their role in the marine system. Besides, they should include information that will inform the reader about the value or worthiness of the research. In other words, the author should justify the reason why the topic is important to be investigated and what he or she is trying to achieve in the end. For example, a geology research can be used to assist the local people to determine better ways to preserve their natural ecosystems. At the end of the introduction, the student should provide the statement of purpose or goals to show the author the specific focus of the paper. By the end of the paper, the audience should be content that the goals stated in the introduction were adequately addressed. Main Body The body is where the topic is discussed in details. Short term papers can be completed through a series of paragraphs. However, students are recommended to separate long term papers into sections using appropriate headings. The heading should be relevant and reflect the information below them. In some cases, students might want to use subheadings to show main subject discussions. The sections and subsections should be simple to write because they are based on the themes obtained from research. Each paragraph should start with a claim that will be supported through outside sources. All the outside information needs to be paraphrased before it is included in the text. If direct quotations are used, they should be minimized as well as properly cited. Besides, information cited within the term paper should be minimized and the bulk of the information should be the student’s analysis. Overall, the body paragraphs should satisfy the reader by piecing together the evidence and makin g logical statements and arguments. Conclusion The purpose of the conclusion is to consolidate the result of the discussion and provide a summary of the issues that emerged in the process. It should show the reader the implications of the results in the larger context. For example, the reader can conclude that the continued deterioration of the coral reefs will affect the marine ecosystems in the long term. In other words, the conclusion should focus on the bigger picture. It is vital to note that whereas the abstract focuses on the smaller picture of the study, the conclusion focuses on the implications of the outcome in the larger context. However, there are cases where information in the abstract and conclusion can overlap. At the end of the conclusion, a student is expected to provide a statement about the future of the topic that has been discussed. This can be in the form of a recommendation on further research that will have to be performed. Reference List The reference section provides a list of all the sources that a student referenced in the term paper. It is important to take into account the formatting style when creating the references. For example, the way references are cited in the American Psychological Association (APA) is different from the Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago, or Harvard styles. Each of these styles has its own format that should be followed strictly when referencing. Referencing also differs based on the type of source. For example, the format used for journal articles is different from that of books, periodicals, websites, films, etc. Hence, it is important for a student to understand the style that should be used in the term paper. Nevertheless, the reference list at the end of the paper should be clear, complete, and consistent in style. It will guide the reader on the relevance and credibility of the sources used to support the paper. Appendix The appendix should be used to offer additional information that is more detailed and used to support the body of the text. This is the information that would make the term paper untidy and disorganized if it is included in the main text. Some of the information that can be placed in the appendix includes charts, tables, statistics, maps, and many others. The tables and figures included in the appendices are those that are usually more than one page. Otherwise, those that are short should be embedded in the text. It is important to note that information in the appendix should not stand-alone. It needs to be clearly referenced and explained in the body of the text. The final step is to proofread the paper before it is submitted to the instructor. This process should involve checking for typos and spelling mistakes that might be present in the paper. There are many words that are commonly misspelled in geology. For example, the use of the words such as the name of the planet should be capitalized irrespective of where it is used in a sentence. It is also one of the most valuable geology term paper tips to take a break of about one day before proofreading the paper. That would allow the student to identify errors that might not be easy to recognize. References: Chin, P. (2013). Academic writing skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fogiel, M. (2009). REAs quick easy guide to writing your A+ term paper. Piscataway, N.J.: Research Education Association. McLean, M. (2011). Essays term papers. Pompton Plains, NJ: Career Press. Oreopoulos, P., Brown, R., Lavecchia, A. (2014). Pathways to education. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research. Sorenson, S. (2010). Websters New World student writing handbook. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub.